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Roof Systems & Specialties

  • Carlisle Roof Systems
  • Fleece back 100ML System
  • Sprayed Polyurethane Foam
  • Cooley Roofing Systems
  • Metal Retrofit Systems
  • Geoflex PIB
  • Protective Roof Coatings
  • Concrete & Masonry
    Waterproofing & Coatings

.Sun, wind, rain and hail have all had a chance to damage your roof and the time has come to think about re-roofing. How do you know if your roof is ready for re-roofing? Who will give you trustworthy advice? Where do you start? How many bids should you get? What part should you play during the construction process? What is fair to expect of a contractor? What are the permit and licensing laws in the State of Your State?

If these are questions you are asking yourself, you have come to the right place! The Roofing Contractors Association of Your State (RCAT) is an organization of professional roofing contractors dedicated to the practice, and teaching, of the skills needed to protect your building from the elements. We offer this guide as a sincere effort to help the customer and contractor arrive at a happy conclusion to a successful effort.

Are you ready for a re-roof?

After a hail storm has hit your area, it may or may not be obvious that you need a new roof. While some hail may produce leaks that appear immediately, quite often hail may only fracture your shingles, which leads to premature roof failure. An inspection by a professional roofing contractor can answer this question. If you have a roof that is fifteen years old or older and it starts to show signs of deterioration, or produces leaks, it is time to call your roofing professional for an inspection and consultation.

Choose a member of the
Roofing Contractors Association of Your State

The State of Your State has no licensing requirement in place for roofing contractors at this time (2000 - 2001). RCAT is a twenty-five year old organization that was founded with the expressed purpose of bettering the roofing profession through education and the pursuit of a quality product.

By choosing a member of RCAT to be involved with your project, you are assured that you have a contractor who has had a successful track record in this field. To become a member, a contractor has to produce qualified references and be known to his competitors in the roofing community.

What is a Certified Roofing Contractor?

In the absence of licensing laws in Your State, RCAT has developed a comprehensive testing program. These tests are strictly monitored and require thorough knowledge of commercial roofing, residential roofing, and business and contract law. Certified contractors are leaders in their field who are bringing a proven professionalism to your roofing or re-roofing project.

Certifications are:

CCRC

Certified Commercial Roofing Contractor

CC-RRC

Certified Commercial and Residential Roofing Contractor

CRRC

Certified Residential Roofing Contractor

These certifications are noted in our membership listings.

Getting the estimate

Choosing the right contractor is the most important step. Be sure that you obtain at least three written estimates. These estimates should all be based on the same type and quality of materials. Time needed to complete the project should also be included. Be sure to inquire how work will proceed and how trash will be handled so that you will know what to expect as the job proceeds. Understand the differences in your bids if there are variations. Donft automatically choose the lowest estimate!

Ask for a list of successfully completed projects in your area. Check references and inquire about quality of work performed. If possible, go look at the contractorfs work. Check with the BBB to see if any complaints are unresolved. Ask for written evidence of coverage from the contractorfs insurance carrier. Ask about warranties.

The contract

The agreement can be as simple as a signed proposal. It should have the contractorfs name, address, and phone number. All areas of work and materials to be used should be described. If it is verbally promised, it should be written down. On large jobs where monthly draws will be necessary, a standard AIA contract form, available at most business supply stores, could be a consideration. Whatever document you decide to use, your contractor should supply two copies that you both sign, one of which you should keep. Keep any receipts of money paid. Pay by check.

With a regular sized house, it is considered usual for you to pay one third to one half of the cost of a job at the time that all materials are delivered onto your property. The balance due is then usually paid at the time of successful completion. This varies in different areas and with different contractors but should be worked out and written in your agreement. If you will be paying for this roofing in conjunction with a building loan or insurance claim, or if for any other reason there will be a deferred payment, this should be written down and agreed to by both parties.

Warranties and guarantees of workmanship must be a written part of the contract.

Obtaining a roofing permit

In many communities, a roofing permit is required. Check with your contractor or the permits department at your city hall to obtain information. Be sure it is understood who will obtain and post this permit.

During the job

You have followed your instincts and from the information presented, you have made your choice. You have his handshake, a written and signed proposal, a copy of his insurance, and you have gone over the scope of the work. You have done well; now let that roofer go to work. With proper pre-job paperwork and planning, you have helped to ensure that this upgrading of your buildingfs element protection is effective and long-lasting. It is not unreasonable to expect a daily report from your contractor, but the best thing to do now is have confidence in your choice. If your contractor is a member of the Roofing Contractors Association of Your State, he is pledged to your satisfaction.

Being aware that most roofing applications cannot be worked on during rainy weather. You should expect that the number of working days need be increased by the number of rain days experienced. As long as weather is factored in, you should be able to monitor the work from a bit of a distance. If things are on track, let them work. If you are unsure of any part of the progress it is best to contact the person who contracted with you. Donft try to run the crew; let their boss do that.

DO NOT use a contractorfs ladder to go up onto the roof. Good safety practice and insurance regulations prohibit it.

Final payment

At the time of final payment, all work should be done, grounds cleaned, warranties dated and signed. Get a receipt for all payments. If you keep these receipts and warranties, they can come in handy in the case of severe weather damage in the future.

If you are pleased with your contractorfs work, let him know that this is a job well done. These folks work mighty hard for you out in the hot Your State sun, they can use an "Attaboy."

Remember to...

  • Verify the name, address, telephone number, and references of your roofing contractor.
  • Ask if he is a member of the Roofing Contractors Association of Your State.
  • Make sure that he is insured.
  • Obtain at least three bids, and get a feel for the work and materials offered.
  • Check zoning and permit laws in your community.
  • Make sure that all agreements are written and signed and you have a copy.
  • Don sign any agreement that you don fully understand or agree with.
  • Once you have selected a contractor, give him the access he needs to get the job done.
  • Final payment should be made when all work is complete.
  • Donft pay cash in advance to a salesperson or contractor.

BEWARE of...

  • Contractor whose references are all out of state.
  • Contractor who wants money before materials are on site.
  • Contractor who is not an established member of the community.

Roofing In Los Angeles Contact Information

Web Site Master Contact John Finley

Cell Phone 626-278-9541

Phone 626-279-5190

Toll Free number 1-800-594-9488

Roofing Contractor  KST Roofing Company

Phone 310-329-2600

 Address:  

KST Roofing Company
1916 W. 150th Street 
Gardena, CA 90249

 
FLASHING REPAIRS -
CHIMNEY REPAIR -
ICE DAM REPAIR -
LEAKY WINDOWS -
RIDGE VENT - REPAIR
WOOD REPLACEMENT -
SKYLIGHT REPAIR
STORM DAMAGE -
AND MUCH MORE...
   NO JOB TO LARGE OR SMALL!

Helping Others in Need

 

Fathers Love Letter

My Children…

You may not know me, but I know everything about you…Psalm 139:1         I know when you sit down and when you rise up …Psalm 139:2         I am familiar with all your ways …Psalm 139:3         Even the very hairs on your head are numbered…Matthew 10:29-31          For you were made in my image …Genesis 1:27         In me you live and move and have your being…Acts 17:28          For you are my offspring…Acts 17:28          I knew you even before you were conceived …Jeremiah 1:4-5          I chose you when I planned creation …Ephesians 1:11-12          You were not a mistake, for all your days are written in my book…Psalm 139:15-16          I determined the exact time of your birth and where you would live…Acts 17:26          You are fearfully and wonderfully made…Psalm 139:14          I knit you together in your mother's womb …Psalm 139:13          And brought you forth on the day you were born …Psalm 71:6          I have been misrepresented by those who don't know me…John 8:41-44          I am not distant and angry, but am the complete expression of love …1 John 4:16

It is generally agreed among wood pathologists that, a high-quality exterior wood preservative, one that resists the harmful effects of water, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and mildew, should be applied to wood shingles or shakes, when a wood roof (e.g., cedar) is installed and then periodically reapplied over the life of the roof, according to the preservative manufacturer's recommendations. What has not been well established are the long-term benefits of putting a preservative on a wood roof, that is badly weathered, damaged or more than 15-years old.

Aggressive cleaning of older wood roofs using high-pressure water is sometimes recommended, but old wood shingles or shakes may be damaged, as a person cleaning the roof walks on the roof and improper washing can force water beneath them. High-pressure washing, which removes a layer of wood and produces somewhat of a freshly milled appearance, may actually shorten the wood's useful life. (The process may remove a layer of "mother nature's" protection from the wood.)

Some roof preservative manufacturer's and appliers recommend that the wood be cleaned to absorb a preservative. In some instances, where the roofing material is not allowed to thoroughly dry, water or a chemical used in a cleaning process could potentially interfere with the penetration of a preservative.

Another debatable area is the long-term effectiveness of applying fire retardant chemicals (a chemical applied to a wood roof, that has not had a fire-retardant pressure-injected into the wood). Some waterbase fire retardants will not withstand the first rain, others have been tested to 200-inches and more.

It is important you ask questions about any fire retardant you plan to apply to or have applied to a wood roof, such as what is the laboratory-tested length of time the fire retardant will retard flame (in inches of rain exposure or years)? What class of fire spread rating does the retardant meet? Is the chemical UL approved? Does the chemical meet environmental standards? Will the fire retardant in any way adversely effect a wood roof's ability to expand and seal the roof? What is the view of your local fire department and/or fire marshal on the treatment? (You may want to consider consulting with your local fire department or fire marshal and discussing with them data on a specific fire retardant.)

If you decide to do roof work yourself, always remember that walking on a roof is dangerous and falling off a roof can be fatal. If you are a California resident and decide to have roof work done by a contractor, before entering into a contract you should request free copies of "What You Should Know Before You Hire A Contractor" and "Tips for Hiring A Roofing Contractor" from the State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, Contractors State License Board (CSLB). For the booklets to be mailed to you, phone (800) 321-2752 (24-hours a day) and record your request, along with your full name and address. You may also read the booklets or download them from the Board's Web site:  Select "Services & Publications" and then "What You Should Know Before You Hire A Contractor" and "Tips for Hiring A Roofing Contractor." The booklets will also instruct you in how to verify that the contractor you choose is licensed by the Contractors State License Board.

Another approach worth considering is to have the roof inspected by an independent roofing inspector. He or she will inspect the roof, give you a report, and, if you wish, give you detailed specifications for repair or replacement. Written specifications are good to have, because you can submit them to contractors for quotations. This means that each contractor is bidding on the same exact work. A local Realtor may be able to refer you to an independent roofing inspector.


        The objective of the campaign is to increase awareness among professionals in the state’s commercial building sector that specifying acrylic elastomeric “cool roof” coating technology is a simple, effective solution to comply with new, stricter Title 24 regulations. The education campaign provides California builders with information that shows how and why acrylic roof coatings lower roof temperatures and energy loads on buildings while still permitting the use of the most frequently specified commercial roofing systems including common modified bitumen (mod-bit), EPDM, metal and built-up roof (BUR) systems. All of the educational elements for the campaign are available at  Rohm and Haas has been a leader in technology for elastomeric coatings for the roofing industry for more than 20 years.

        “These more complicated and sometimes confusing energy regulations, aimed at reducing energy consumption in the state, don’t necessarily require more expensive building plans and building envelope designs to ensure that commercial buildings comply with Title 24 standards,” said Bernadette Corujo, market manager for Rohm and Haas. “By specifying cool roofs created with selected acrylic white roof coatings, contractors may continue installing traditional roofing systems, including black rubber membrane or metal, and still meet the new codes by applying a 20 mil layer of acrylic white roof coating,” said Corujo. “Builders and contractors don’t have to replace their current inventories of traditional roofing systems and materials to meet the revised Title 24 regulations. Architects and their roofing system consultants still can specify a more simple roofing solution for their customers seeking compliance with the new standards,” she added.

“Coat It, You’re Covered!” Campaign Says It All
        Rohm and Haas Company said they selected the name of their new elastomeric roof coating (ERC) education campaign because it is simple and effective, just like ERC technology’s ability to meet Title 24 regulations.

        “Architects, building designers, roofing system consultants and their building materials specifier colleagues all must manage a constant flow of compliance regulations and make decisions to meet them,” said Corujo. “The message of our campaign is that ERC technology can help California commercial building professionals make a fast and easy decision about meeting Title 24 and worry about one less thing.”

        “Roofing design consultants can specify white 100 percent acrylic ERC as part of their commercial roofing system and be confident their decision meets new Title 24 requirements without complicating the construction process, changing original roofing system and materials specifications or adding unanticipated costs,” Corujo stated. “In short our new campaign, ‘Coat It, You’re Covered!,’ is an important message for those affected by the new Title 24 standards, because ERC technology provides a simple and preferred decision toward compliance. It’s a decision that can be made with confidence because of the proven field performance of these roof coatings.”

        In addition, Corujo said messages and modules of the “Coat It, You’re Covered!” ERC education campaign will be communicated in national building trade media, California business media and also in live presentations and seminars being developed for building industry meetings and conferences over the next year.

        Joseph Rokowski of the Rohm and Haas Elastomeric Roof Coating Laboratory said the education campaign provides energy performance details of ERC technology along with application information to help integrate the ERC process easily into construction cycles.

Why “You’re Covered” with ERC
        Rimouski said the application of a water-based blastomeric white roof coating is a safe and simple process, utilizing a spray gun, roller or brush. He said this family of roof coatings is highly flexible, even at surface temperatures as low as -15°F, providing high crack resistance and the ability to tolerate the expansion and contraction of the roof substrate.

        “These acrylic white roof coatings are lightweight and resistant to UV degradation, yet offer superior adhesion to many roofing substrates including new or aged Burs, modified bitumen, black rubber membrane and metal,” Rimouski explained.

        However, he said it is the ability of these acrylic white roofing coatings to reduce heat gain in a building—thereby lowering the amount of energy needed to cool the building—that enables ERC products to help with compliance of the new Title 24 standards.

Types of Buildings Affected by Title 24
        Title 24 regulations require that all newly constructed, mechanically air conditioned, nonresidential buildings with low-sloped roofs must comply with the stricter building energy efficiency standards, that are effective October 1, 2005. The regulations also apply to building alterations or additions, including reproofing projects where more than half of the roof or 2,000 square feet (which ever is less) is being replaced. These standards apply to office buildings, restaurants, commercial/industrial buildings, churches, schools, theaters, grocery stores and some apartment buildings.

        Title 24 regulations mandate that the entire building envelope—doors, windows, insulation, cooling system and roof—work together to reduce the total amount of energy required to operate the building while maintaining indoor environmental comfort.

        Each building affected by Title 24 will have an energy “budget” assigned by the California Energy Commission, based on a computer simulation of the building’s one-year energy use. It is the responsibility of the building’s designers to develop a prescription of energy-efficiency features to comply with Title 24 regulations.

Redefining California “Cool”
        Rohm and Haas expects these new Title 24 standards will place more emphasis on “cool” roofing materials and systems which have been shown to reduce energy bills. Selected acrylic blastomeric white roof coatings, that contain performance ingredients developed and manufactured by Rohm and Haas, can be applied to enable a roof to qualify as a “cool roof” under the new Title 24 standards.

        “Cool roof” products used for new construction or major reproofing must be reviewed by the Cool Roofing Rating Council (CRRC), the recognized, national non-profit association that evaluates and rates the radioactive properties and energy performance parameters for “cool roof” surfaces.

        As specified in Title 24, California “cool roofs” must have a 0.70 or greater rating for solar reflectivity (the amount of solar energy that is reflected back to the sky) and a 0.75 or greater rating for infrared emissive (the ability of the surface to release built-up heat away from the surface). Along with increased insulation, highly reflective and highly emissive roofing products, such as acrylic white roof coatings, can reduce the amount of heat transferred into the building by traditional heating. The air conditioning system of a building with a “cool roof” doesn’t have to work as hard to maintain the indoor temperature, using less electricity as a result.

FAQs....

Concise Answers to Frequently Asked Questions
 
Please note: The information above is provided solely for general educational purposes. It is not intended to serve as a design guide. Roofscapes, Inc., takes responsibility only for green roofs designed, installed, and maintained through the Roofscapes, Inc. Network.

What are green roofs?

Green roofs, also called “vegetated roof covers,” “living roofs,” and “eco-roofs” are thin layers of living plants that are installed on top of conventional roofs. Properly designed, they are stable, living ecosystems that replicate many of the processes found in nature.

What are the major advantages of green roofs?

Green roofs provide many ecological and aesthetic benefits, including:

•  Controlling stormwater runoff, erosion and pollution,
•  Improving water quality,
•  Mitigating urban heat-island effects, cooling and cleaning the air,
•  More than doubling the service life of the roof,
•  Conserving energy,
•  Reducing sound reflection and transmission,
•  Creating wildlife habitat, and
•  Improving the aesthetic environment in both work and home settings.

For a German in-depth case study in which green roofs are an integral part of urban stormwater control, see by Manfred Köhler and Marco Schmidt.

Are there proven, scientific standards for green roof design?

Presently, the only widely-accepted, established standards for green roof construction are those developed in Germany by the Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau. e.V.  These standards and guidelines are comprehensive, and include industry standard tests for the weight, moisture, nutrient content, and grain-size distribution of growing media. FLL also certifies laboratories to conduct critical tests, such as the root penetration resistance of waterproofing membranes. These guidelines are available in English translation directly from the FLL or through Roofscapes, Inc.

Within the past few years, the  convened a Green Roof Task Force to create green roof standards. Charlie Miller, P.E., President and founder of Roofscapes, Inc., has been a very active member of this Task Force from the beginning and has been instrumental in drafting these standards.

What are the most important factors in designing a green roof?

There are many complex, interactive factors that green roof design engineer takes into account, balancing many considerations for optimal performance, including:

•  Climate, especially temperature and rainfall patterns
•  Strength of the supporting structure
•  Size, slope, height, and directional orientation of the roof
•  Type of underlying waterproofing
•  Drainage elements, such as drains, scuppers, and drainage conduits
•  Accessibility and intended use
•  Visibility, fit with architecture, and owner's aesthetic preferences
•  Fit with other 'green' systems, such as solar panels
•  Costs of materials and labor
 
What is the difference between an 'extensive' and an 'intensive' green roof?

There is no strict demarcation. Generally speaking, 'extensive' green roofs are less than 6 inches deep, and, depending on depth, may support a range of plants, such as Sedums (low-growing succulents), herbs, meadow grasses, and perennials. Deeper 'intensive' systems can sustain complex landscapes, including small trees and even small ornamental ponds and fountains.
 
How much does a green roof weigh?

Green roofs vary greatly in weight, depending on their depth and the material components. The important measurement is 'wet' weight -- fully-saturated fabrics and plants. For example, Roofmeadow® systems, engineered to be both lightweight and efficient, generally weigh about 6.75 pounds per square foot for each inch of depth. Thus, the saturated weight of a 2-inch deep system is about 13 pounds per square foot, including a mature plant cover. Mid-range, 5-inch, systems weigh approximately 34 pounds per square foot and are compatible with wood or steel decks. 'Intensive' systems weigh 36 pounds or more, and generally require a concrete supporting deck. The ASTM (Standards and  has published specific protocols for determining the weight and dead load of green roofs.

Be cautious of systems that are marketed to be lighter in weight; do your homework. Very lightweight media often contains high amounts of organic content (i.e., pine bark, coir) resulting in media that is inconsistent with the industry standard.  Specifically, organic content in media supporting a thin extensive sedum green roof should not exceed 4% by mass, primarily for the purpose of maintaining adequate structural and bedding strength and of minimizing long-term compression. Compression should not exceed 10% of the nominal depth.

How does a green roof affect the conventional roof below it?

Based on German experience, a green roof can be expected to double or triple the life of the underlying conventional roof by protecting from human activity and wind-blown debris; shielding from UV radiation; and buffering temperature extremes, thereby minimizing damage from daily expansion and contraction.
 
What kind of waterproofing do I need?

Many types of waterproofing are compatible with green roofs. World-wide, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polymer modified bituminous membranes are the most common. Many of these installations have now been in place for over 30 years and continue to perform as designed. PVC, EPDM and thermal polyolefin (TPO) are, in most cases, inherently root-resistant; other common waterproofing materials require a root barrier between the waterproofing materials and the vegetated cover.
 
What about modular systems?  

In modular systems, the green roof system is installed inside trays. While modules or trays have valid applications in intensive green roof designs, we do not advocate the use of modules or trays in extensive green roofs. Modular systems require the same attention to basic green roof design principles as all other green roof systems, including: quality and durability of the waterproofing system, performance of the media, minimization of irrigation requirements, appropriate plant selection, etc.
 
Additionally, clients should be sure to inquire about the long-term potential for compression or bio-degradation of the media supplied with green roof modules. A substantial decrease in the volume of the green roof media over time will increase the likelihood that the module edges will become exposed, impacting the overall aesthetic of the green roof.
 
From our perspective, modules do not offer any advantages with regard to accessibility of the roofing membrane for inspection and repair. Current electric leak detection methods have made the location and repair of leaks on extensive green roofs almost trivial. Potential problems can be identified within an area of less than one square foot without any disruption to the green roof. With conventional green roofs (planted in-place), the membrane can be exposed by simply rolling back about a square foot of the thin layer of the vegetated cover system at the effective area. In about 20 minutes the membrane can be repaired and the system restored with no heavy lifting involved. With modules, however, interlocking trays weighing 55 to over 200 pounds (depending on the type of modular system) must be detached and removed in order to repair a leak. Moreover, to our knowledge, it has yet to be shown whether green roof modules are compatible with the EFVM technology. 

One of most important benefits of green roofs is protection for the underlying waterproofing membrane. As a result, greened roofs can be expected to last much longer than exposed roofs. The ‘conventional' approach to green roof design focuses on covering 100% of the waterproofing materials. In particular, conventional green roof detailing focuses on covering and protecting the most vulnerable parts of the roofing system: its flashings, penetrations, terminations and drains. As one example, we advocate the use of enclosed drain access chambers to protect drains and scuppers and to eliminate the potential for clogging by blowing trash or vegetation. Some modular green roof layouts leave an exposed margin next to parapets, penetrations and drains. This approach diminishes the protective function of these green roofs. Therefore, we strongly recommend that modular designs, like conventional green roofs, provide 100% protection by incorporating vegetated or stone margins, drain access chambers, etc.
 
Modular systems can be useful when designing small, intensive gardens on residential property or on terraced commercial roofs. Owners who wish to engage in active roof gardening will also find modules a convenient and safe way to indulge in their hobby. Roofscapes, Inc. offers rugged modular green roof systems to our clients under such special circumstances.

Are leaks under a conventional green roof a problem?

Surprisingly, leaks in the waterproofing layer are less likely when it is protected from the elements by a green roof. If a leak does occur, it can readily be located through new electronic technology, such as electric field vector mapping , which can rapidly and accurately pinpoint even minute holes. This system is more reliable than the older flood testing method; need not be installed in advance, and can even be used on steeply-sloped surfaces. Repairs to the waterproofing are quick, and disturbance of the green roof is minimal.

Is attaching all elements of the green roof to the underlying structure important?

Based on 35 years of German experience, usually not. Plant roots bind the layers of media and fabrics to create a unified cover, and the plants themselves create enough surface wind turbulence to foil potential uplift. (It's the converse of what happens on an airplane wing.) If your green roof will be located in an unusually high wind area, such as a high rise building or coastal area, discuss your concerns with your green roof design engineer, who will specify appropriate ballasts. Roofscapes, Inc. has guaranteed the green roof on Boston harbor's World Trade Center for up to 94 mph winds using concealed ballasts.
 
How steeply pitched can the roof be?

The maximum slope recommended for conventional green roofs is 30 degrees, or a 7:12 pitch. A variety of methods utilizing meshes, slope stabilization panels, cribbing, or battens can be used to secure the green roof and prevent media shifting and erosion. Roofscapes, Inc. has used all of these methods on various sloped roof projects.
 
Roofs with pitches greater than 7:12 can be greened; however, special techniques are required. Roofscapes, Inc. designed a 54-degree pitch green roof for a demonstration at the Ariel Rios courtyard at the EPA Headquarters in Washington, DC, using advanced technologies.
 
In what climates do green roofs work?

Green roofs have been built most widely in temperate climates, but special techniques allow them to thrive in semi-arid, tropical, and even windy coastal areas. Roofscapes, Inc. has designed and built green roofs across the continent, and from hot, moist Florida to the cold, windy Boston harbor.
 
Is irrigation required? If so, what kind?

With thoughtful engineering, irrigation is rarely necessary. When irrigation is required, the water should be delivered deep under the surface—where the roots will seek it and it will not be lost to evaporation. Surface irrigation systems (drip or spray systems) are wasteful and require more maintenance than subsurface irrigation methods.

Why is drainage important?

Proper drainage ensures that the growing medium will be maintained in an aerated condition suited to health plant growth. Basal drainage must also be designed with large rainfall events in mind. The goal is for all rainfall to percolate to the base of the system. The portion that is not absorbed should move 'underground' toward roof drains or scuppers. During very large storms, brief episodes of surface runoff may occur. In a Roofmeadow® system, such surface runoff can enter the roof drains at gravel surfaced areas that surround the drain access chambers. Surface ponding, even during large storms, is evidence of a poorly-designed green roof.

How does green roof media differ from 'soil'?

Conventional green roof media is mostly light-weight mineral material, with a minimum of organic material. It should be designed to meet established FLL guidelines for both water retention and drainage, as green roof systems with poor water retention will require irrigation to compensate.

One the most important criteria for media is that it remain a viable growing and water-control substrate for decades. We have found that one of the most effective ways to reduce long-term maintenance-related costs is to use media that will not degrade or compress over time. Media should be accompanied by third-party laboratory data confirming its essential properties and the provider's warranty should expressly offer to replace defective or degraded media.
 
What kinds of plants should be used on a green roof?

In frost zones 4 through 8, at least half of the plants installed on an extensive green roof should be varieties of Sedum. In colder climates grass-dominated covers are recommended. Reliable tropical plant lists are not currently available. However, in cooperation with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Roofscapes, Inc. has installed three green roof prototypes to evaluate candidate plants for un-irrigated extensive systems.
 
Many other plants can be incorporated to provide habitat value or visual interest. Appropriate auxiliary plants will vary by region, but generally, the deeper the green roof, the more complex the plant community that can be sustained. They range from Sedum and herbs on the thinnest systems, to meadow grasses and perennials on mid-weight roofs, to turf and small trees on the deep, 'intensive' roofs.
 
Hundreds of different species have been used by Roofscapes, Inc. in American projects. The experience gained from these projects allows us to confidently recommend plant communities for green roofs. Their selections will depend on many factors: depth of growing media, seasonal temperature ranges, average rainfall, and the aesthetic preferences of the owner.
 
For optimal plant growth and health, the plants should be selected, installed, and maintained by experienced horticulturists or landscape contractors who understand the local environment and climate, in consultation with the design engineer.

Are any green roof plants invasive non-natives that could be spread by wind?

The only Sedum that might be considered invasive is  also known as Star Sedum,Gold Moss, Stringy Stonecrop, or Graveyard Moss. It has green spearhead-shaped leaves, lemon yellow flowers, and long tendrils. We do not recommend using this species.

How are green roof plants started?

There are several methods for starting green roof plantings. From April through October, Sedums may be established from fresh cuttings. Broadcast on the growing media, these cuttings will quickly form roots and affix themselves. Alternatively, Sedums may be started in May-June or September-October from 72-cell plugs, planted a foot apart. Perennials can be seeded, except during the summer months. A bio-or photo-degradable wind barrier fabric or hydromulch is required while the plants are being established.
 
How long until the roof will be fully covered?

Generally, a green roof that is planted correctly will reach maturity in two growing season, or less. Occasionally, reduced sun or rain may slow the process. During maturation, it is especially important that the roof be properly maintained with weeding and fertilization. If more rapid maturity is desired, pre-grown Sedum mats, can be employed.
 
Is there a danger of dry plants catching and spreading fire?

Not if the green roof is designed correctly. In Germany, green roofs actually have a better fire rating than conventional roofs because the mineral media layers cannot burn. The extensive use of Sedums (a type of succulent) and gravel borders and breaks also protect against fire. In an arid, fire-prone region, require your designer to engineer the system with fire-retardant features, paying special attention to mineral content, gravel layers, and plant selection.

What effect will the winter freeze and thaw cycles have on the roof?

Not all green roofs are resistant to freeze and thaw cycles. Roofscapes, Inc. uses mineral-based media that stand up well against multiple freeze/thaw cycles and engineers infrastructure elements to accommodate thermal contraction and expansion. The freeze and thaw cycles have no effect on Roofscapes, Inc.'s green roof systems.

Is there erosion in the winter when the vegetation dies back?

The design of a green roof system should include a significant percentage of non-deciduous plants, so that the mature cover is never be bare of foliage and the potential for erosion is minimized. The risk for erosion is greatest just after the initial planting. During this early phase, the media should be anchored with either an erosion control mat or hydromulch.

Can I plant a flower or vegetable garden on my roof?

Generally, green roof systems are not deep enough for growing vegetables and the tools of traditional gardening would damage the green roof and the underlying waterproofing. However, incorporating container gardens or modular elements can accommodate an owner's horticultural or agricultural desires.
 
Will I be able to walk on my green roof? Can it be used for recreation?

If the roof is accessible from the building and the roof will support the weight, decks, patios, and walkway pavers can be integrated into the design of the green roof. Among the available plant covers, only turf grass will stand up to regular foot traffic. Turf green roofs will require a minimum of 6 - 9 inches of media depth and irrigation is mandatory (i.e., an intensive green roof). As an alternative, stepping stones or walkways can be used to provide access through more fragile extensive green roofs.
 
What kind of maintenance is required?

Generally, after the plants have become established, most extensive green roofs only need weeding and occasional infill transplanting twice a year. Maintenance visits should be timed to intercept any weeds before they go to seed. This level of maintenance is sufficient to maintain the health of the plants and protect the underlying roofing materials. Some owners enjoy greater involvement and choose to 'garden' in their green roof more frequently. Intensive green roofs will require the same care and maintenance as a similar garden situated on the ground.
 
Can green roofs be combined with other green features?

Certainly. For example, green roofs can be designed in conjunction with solar panels. In fact, Roofscapes, Inc., in partnership with Cahill Associates, has developed the  for use over parking lots and garages, solving several urban problems at once. Green roofs also work very well in combination with other 'low-impact' development measures, such as infiltration beds, rain gardens, bio-retention systems, cisterns and rain barrels. In Germany, large developments often have zero runoff discharge. In these developments, rainfall is captured on the green roofs, returned to ground water through infiltration, and re-used for irrigation, toilets, etc.  by Manfred Köhler and Marco Schmidt.)

Can recycled materials be used in constructing green roofs?

Reducing the use of virgin materials is an important goal if the green roof industry is to be sustainable in the long run. When using recycled materials on green roofs, there is a three-way interaction among quantity, cost, and performance. Currently components containing recycled materials are often more expensive than those made from virgin materials. In some instances, accommodating materials with recycled content would compromise performance.
 
The problem is more acute for media than for synthetic components. Durable recycled media materials (e.g., calcined ash, crushed brick) tend to be relatively heavy, more difficult to obtain, and more expensive than virgin mineral media. Synthetic components (fabrics, membranes, etc.) with recycled content are more readily available and do not compromise function. Unfortunately, because many of these products are made in Europe, shipping costs and exchange rates make recycled synthetic components relatively expensive.
 
Usually “reducing” better preserves our natural resources than “recycling,” because of the energy required to transport, reclaim, and transform waste materials. Green roof systems that minimize the use of synthetic infrastructure altogether reduce the consumption of both virgin and recycled synthetics — and the energy expenditures of their processing as well. For example, the system, utilizes only thin fabrics and natural growth and drainage media. The savings in materials and processing compares favorably with that of other systems using recycled, but higher mass, components, such as plastic trays or water retention “egg cartons.”
 
How much does a green roof cost?

Cost per square foot depends on many factors: the size and slope of the roof, depth and complexity of the system, height and accessibility from the ground, cost of labor, and need for specialized elements, such as drains, railings, pavers, slope stabilization measures, etc. To determine if a green roof will fit your budget, we suggest that you submit a Green Roof Worksheet in order to determine which system will meet your needs and how much it may cost.

What financial benefits do green roofs provide?

Thirty-five years of experience with green roofs in Germany have demonstrated that a roof assembly that is covered with a green roof can be expected to outlast a comparable roof without a green roof by a factor of at least two, and often three. Although modern green roof systems have not yet been in place longer than 35 years, many researchers expect that these installations will last 50 years and longer before they require significant repair or replacement. For a building owner with a long-term investment in the roofing system, this benefit factor goes a long-way toward paying back the initial investment in a green roof.

Will a green roof save energy?

Yes, although not due to insulation or "r-factors." A green roof acts as a thermal mass or heat sink, slowly absorbing and holding energy from sunlight and releasing it when the ambient air cools. In this way, it acts as a heat “storage battery” and reduces the heating and cooling demands within the building. Energy savings will be greatest in low buildings, due to the high ratio of roof area to the total of exposed building skin. The benefits will also be greater in warm climates, where cooling is the principal energy cost. Roofscapes, Inc. can facilitate a simplified building envelope analysis that can help set some reliable benchmarks for energy-related savings associated with a green roof design.    
 
Are there tax incentives or grants available for green roofs?

At present, there are relatively few incentives offered for green roofs in the United States. However, Portland, OR, stands out as municipality that promotes green roofs through its Floor Area Ratio Bonus for new downtown buildings with green roofs, and as well as its Community Watershed Stewardship Grant Program. If present trends continue, similar programs can be expected in other major metropolitan areas that are plagued by urban flooding, water pollution, or 'urban heat island' impacts. For a summary of current tax incentives and government and private foundation grants supporting green roofs, consult the chart prepared by the City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development.
 
Are there other incentives for using green roofs?

Yes, a green roof can be an important element in LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) green building certification, which signifies that the owner is an ecologically-responsible community partner and adds to the prestige of the building.
 
 
IS THERE ANYTHING I SHOULD AVOID IN BUILDING A GREEN ROOF?
 
Yes! To build and maintain a successful green roof, there are several design and installation problems to avoid:
 
Avoid any design that is not properly drained.

Inadequate drainage can result in:
      (1) Dead weight that the roof may not be able to sustain;
      (2) Plant mortality; and
      (3) Degeneration of the planting media
In particular, we counsel against the use of gel packs.

Avoid using herbicides to prevent root penetration of the waterproofing.

Herbicides will eventually leach out of materials, escaping into the environment and diminishing the root-inhibiting function of the root-barrier. When supplemental root-barriers are required, we recommend using thermoplastic membrane. Copper films are recent development in the green roof industry. Until a proven track record is available, we warn against using copper films as root-barriers.
    
Avoid using surface irrigation, if at all possible.

Surface drip and spray systems are expensive to maintain, do not deliver water efficiently to the roots, where it is most needed — and waste enormous amounts of water through evaporation. Also, on surface-irrigated green roofs plant roots tend to develop nearer the surface. This makes the covers increasingly dependent on irrigation and vulnerable to lapses in the watering schedule.
 
Avoid providers who know only one tune.

No one system is suited to all roofs—there are too many variations in pitch, drainage, climate, and exposure, to name but a few engineering considerations. 'One-size-fits-all' serves the aims of the manufacturer, not the needs of the consumer.
 
Avoid un-integrated design and installation.

A trained, experienced green roof design engineer makes many educated decisions about materials and how they are to be used on your project. Many factors are held in delicate balance. An installer who has not been part of the design process may—for reasons of cost, convenience, or unfamiliarity with the process—make changes that undermine the integrity of the system. This is especially common with landscape contractors who have had no or little green roof experience. Also, there are often aspects of a project that only become apparent on-site and that if your designer does not supervise the installation, s/he cannot make appropriate adjustments.
 
Finally, avoid false economies.

Your green roof is a long-range investment. The highest return will come from thoughtful, responsive design engineering and stringent standards of installation and maintenance, giving you a trouble-free green roof for years to come.
 

 

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Glossary

A

AAMA: American Architectural Manufacturers Association

Absorption: The act or process of retaining foreign particles such as gas or liquid without transmission of these particles.

ACI: American Concrete Institute

Acid Etch: (1) The use of a strong acid to remove the surface of concrete thereby exposing the aggregate. (2) The use of a strong acid to etch the surface of material such as metal in order for that material to accept a primer or Spray Polyurethane Foam.

ACIL: American Council of Independent Laboratories

Acrylic Coating: A coating system with an acrylic resin base.

Acrylic Resin: Polymers of acrylic or methacrylic monomers often used as a latex base for coating systems.

Active: Will corrode in the presence of moisture or a "noble" metal.

Adhere: The clinging of one surface to another; either molecularly or otherwise.

Adhesion: The state of adhering

AFA: American Fiberboard Association

AGC: Associated General Contractors of America

Aggregate: A surfacing or ballast for a roof system. Aggregate can be rock, stone, crushed stone or slag, water-worn gravel, crushed lava rock or marble chips.

AHA: American Hardboard Association

AIA: American Institute of Architects

Air Blown Asphalt: Asphalt produced by blowing air through molten asphalt held at an elevated temperature. This procedure is used to modify properties of the asphalt.

Alligatoring: The cracking of the surfacing bitumen on a built-up roof, producing a pattern of cracks that resemble an alligator?fs hide.

Aluminized Steel: Sheet steel with a thin aluminum coating on the surface to enhance the steel?fs ability to withstand weathering.

Aluminum: A non-rusting metal used in roofing for metal roofing and the fabrication of gutter and flashings.

Ambient Temperature: The temperature of the air.

Anodic: When two metals are connected in an electrolyte, they will form a galvanic cell, with the higher metal in the galvanic series being the anode. The anodic will oxidize and produce an electrical current which protects the cathode from corrosion.

ANSI: American National Standards Institute

APA: American Plywood Association

.

Application Rate: The rate at which a material is applied per unit area.

Apron Flashing: A flashing located at the low end of a curb or penetration.

Architectural Panel: A metal roof panel that usually requires solid decking underneath.

Architectural Shingle: Shingle that provides a dimensional appearance. See also Dimensional Shingle.

Area Divider: A flashed assembly usually extending above the surface of the roof that is anchored to the roof deck. It is used to relieve thermal stresses in a roof system where an expansion joint is not required, or to separate large roof areas.

ARMA: Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association

ASA: American Subcontractors Association

Asbestos: An incombustible fibrous mineral form of magnesium silicate formerly used for fireproofing and sometimes used for the reinforcement of roofing materials.

ASC: Associated Specialty Contractors

ASHI: American Society of Home Inspectors

ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

Asphalt: A substance left as a residue after evaporating or otherwise processing crude oil or petroleum. Asphalt can be refined to conform to various roofing grade specifications:

ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials

Atactic Polypropylene: A group of high molecular weight polymers formed by the polymerization of propylene.

Attic: The open area above the ceiling and under the roof deck of a steep-sloped roof.

AWPA: American Wood Preservatives Association

AWS: American Welding Society

B

Back-Nailing: The method of fastening the back or upper side of a ply of roofing felt or other component in a roof system so that the fasteners are covered by the following ply.

Back-Surfacing: A fine mineral material on the back side of roofing materials such as roll roofing to keep them from sticking together while packaged.

Ballast: A material installed over the top of a roof membrane to help hold it in place. Ballasts are loose laid and can consist of aggregate, or concrete pavers.

Bar Joist: See Steel Joist

Barrel Roof: A roof configuration with a partial cylindrical shape to it.

Butyl Rubber: A butyl-based, synthetic elastomer.

Butyl Tape: A sealant tape used in numerous sealant applications such as sealing sheet metal joints.

C

CABO: Council of American Building Officials

Calender: A machine used to laminate sheeting or for applying coating with a specified thickness and/or surface attribute.

Calendering: A specific process used to manufacture some membranes such as PVC.

Camber: A slight convex curve of a surface.

Canopy: An overhang, usually over entrances or driveways.

Cant: (1) Short for Cant Strip; (2) The act of installing foam at a right angle adjunct.

.

Coal Tar Pitch: A type of coal tar used in dead-level or low-slope built-up roofs. It is not for use in roofs exceeding ¼" in 12" (2%) slope.

Coal Tar Felt: A roofing membrane saturated with refined coal tar.

Coal Tar Roof Cement: A trowelable mixture of processed coal tar base, solvents, mineral fillers and/or fibers.

Coarse Orange Peel Surface Texture: A surface showing a texture where nodules and valleys are approximately the same size and shape. This surface is generally acceptable for installing a protective coating.

Coated Base Sheet: An asphalt-saturated base sheet membrane later coated with harder, more viscous asphalt, thereby increasing its impermeability to moisture.

Coated Felt: An asphalt-saturated ply sheet that has also been coated on both sides with harder, more viscous asphalt.

Coating: A layer of material that is spray, roller, or brush applied over a surface for protection or sometimes decoration.

Cohesion: Mutual attraction by which the elements or particles of a body or substance are held together.

Coil Coating: The application of a finish to a coil of metal or other material.

Cold Forming: The process of shaping metal into desired configurations at ambient room temperature.

D

Damp proofing: Treatment of a surface or structure to resist the passage of water in the absence of hydrostatic pressure.

Dead Level: Refers to a roof with no slope or pitch.

Dead-Level Asphalt: A roofing asphalt conforming to the requirements of ASTM Specification D 312, Type I. This asphalt is for use in roofs which do not exceed a ¼ in 12 slope (2%).

Dead Loads: Permanent, non-moving loads on a roof resulting from the weight of a building components, equipment, and the roof system.

Deck: The structural component of the roof of a building which provides the substrate to which the roofing system is applied.

Decking: See Deck.

Deflection: The downward displacement of a structural member under load.

Degradation: A decline in the appearance, structure, or properties, of a material or substance.

Delaminating: Separation of laminated layers of a material or system.

Dew Point Temperature: The temperature at which water vapor turns to liquid in cooling air at the existing atmospheric pressure and vapor content.

Diaphragm: A type of structural roof deck capable of resisting shear that is produced by lateral forces such as wind or seismic loads.

Diffusion: The movement of a substance such as water vapor from regions of high concentration to regions of lower concentration

Dimensional Shingle: A shingle that is textured, or laminated to produce a three-dimensional effect. Also known as Laminated and Architectural Shingles. Please be aware that there are also shingles being produced that can be classified as Dimensional but not as Laminated. These shingles are comprised of a single piece of material rather than two different materials laminated together.

Dimensional Stability: The ability of a material to retain its current properties and to resist a change in size resulting from exposure to temperature changes and moisture.

Dome: A roof with a partial-spherical shape.

Dormer: A framed projection through the sloping plane of a roof.

Double Coverage: Installing roofing so that there is twice the materials used resulting in a double layer of roofing.

Double Graveling: Installing one layer of gravel in a flood coat of hot bitumen, removing the excess gravel and then installing a second layer of gravel in another flood coat of hot bitumen.

Downspout: A conduit for carrying water from a gutter, scupper, drop outlet or other drainage unit from roof to ground level. Also known as a Leader Pipe.

Drain: a device used to carry water off of a roof.

Drip Edge: A steel flashing bent at a 90º angle that is placed along the outer perimeter of steep sloped buildings; used to help direct runoff water away from the building. Drip Edge resembles nosing except that it has an outwardly-angled bottom edge (preferably hemmed).

Dual Level Drain: An item that will permit drainage at two different levels.

Dynamic Load: Any moving load on a roof such as people and equipment. Wind can also be considered a Dynamic Load.

E

Eave: A roof edge that extends out past the exterior wall line.

Eaves-Trough: Another name for Gutter.

ECH: Polyepichlorohydrin

Edge Stripping: Roofing material used to seal perimeter edge metal and the roof itself.

Edge Venting: The installation of vent material along a roof edge (e.g., Starter Vent) as part of a ventilation system. Edge vent material should be used in conjunction with other venting material (e.g., ridge vent) as it not intended for use by itself.

Eastover: A material which, after being stretched, will return to its original shape.

Blastomeric: Properties of a material that will permit it to return to its original shape after being stretched.

Extrusion: The process of manufacturing and/or shaping a material by forcing it through a die.

Eyebrow: A small, shed roof protruding from the main roof or located on the side of a building below the level of the main roof.

F

Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC): As it relates to roofing - a division of Factory Mutual System that tests and classifies roof components and systems for their resistance to fire, traffic, impact, weathering, and wind-uplift. The various organizations of Factory Mutual are owned or directed by Allendale Insurance, Arkwright, and Protection Mutual Insurance.

Factory Seam: A splice/seam made in the roofing material by the manufacturer. It is preferable during installation to cut these splices out of the membrane.

Fading: Losing brightness or brilliance : dim

Felt: A roofing sheet made of interwoven fibers. The fibers can be wood or vegetable for Organic Felts, glass fibers for fiberglass felts, polyester, or asbestos.

Felt Machine: A machine that will install bitumen and felt at the same time.

Ferrule: A metal sleeve used as a spacer to keep gutter from being beat up when secured to fascia with spikes.

Fiberglass Insulation: Insulation composed of glass fibers used to insulate walls and roofs. It can be rigid board or blanket insulation.

Field of the Roof: Refers to the central part of a roof away from the perimeter.

Field Seam: A non-factory material seam made by joining overlapping seams together with adhesives, heat welders, or other means.

Filler: An inert ingredient added to roofing materials in order to alter their physical characteristics.

Fillet: A sealant material installed at horizontal and vertical planes to remove 90?‹ angles.

Film: A membrane or sheeting material with a nominal thickness of 10 mils or less.

Fish mouth: An opening along the exposed edge of an installed ply of felt caused by shifting the ply during installation. Repair these by making a slice along their entire length and feathering two plies of felt over the fish mouth for a minimum coverage of one foot all the way around.

Flaking: Occurs when a coating loses its cohesion.

Flame Retardant: A substance used to impede a material tendency to burn or ignite.

Flood Test: A water test performed to determine the effectiveness of a roof covering.

Flow: To become fluid in character.

Fluid-Applied Eastover: A liquid blastomeric material that cures to form a continuous waterproofing membrane.

FM: Short for Factory Mutual Research Corporation.

Foam Stop: The edge metal used to terminate Sprayed Polyurethane Foam.

Framed Opening: an structurally-framed opening in a roof of a building for use in installing large items such as HVAC units, skylights, or ventilators.

Froth Pack: A term used to describe small, disposable aerosol cans of SPF.

G

G-90: A coating weight for galvanized sheet metal, 0.90 ounces of zinc per sq. ft., measured on both sides of the sheet.

Gable: A triangular-shaped portion of the enwall of a building directly under the sloping roof and above the Eave line.

Gable Roof: A roof configuration that has gable ends.

Gable-On-Hip Roof: A roof configuration with hips coming up from the eave corners that terminate into a gable roof.

Gravel: Aggregate consisting of rock fragments or pebbles.

Gravel Stop: A flanged, sheet metal edge flashing with an upward projection installed along the perimeter of a roof to stop the flow of bitumen over the edge.

Grout: A thin mortar used to fill cracks in masonry and tile.

Grout (Non-Shrink): A cementations material used to partially fill penetration pockets (pitch pans). A pour able sealer is used afterward.

Gutter: A channel (usually sheet metal) installed along the down slope perimeter of a roof to convey runoff water from the roof to the drain leaders or downspouts.

H

Half Gable Roof:

Hand-Tabbing: Applying spots of adhesive to shingle tabs.

Hatch: A unit used to provide access to a roof from the interior of a building.

Headlamp: The distance that the topmost ply of roofing felt overlaps the

undermost ply or course.

Heat Seaming: See Heat Welding.

Heat Transfer: Thermal energy going from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature by conduction, convection, or radiation.

Heat Welding: Fusing the seams of separate sections of roofing material together through the use of hot air or an open flame and pressure. Also known as heat seaming.

Hem: The edge created by folding metal back on itself. Metal is hemmed for safety and strength reasons.

Hip: The angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes.

Hip Roof: A roof that rises by inclined planes on all sides of a building. The line where two adjacent sloping sides of a roof meet is called the Hip.

Hoist: A mechanical lifting device. A hoist can be hand or electrically operated.

Holiday: An area where a liquid-applied material is missing.

Honeycomb: Small voids left in concrete because the mortar failed to fill the spaces around the aggregate.

Hot: Slang for hot bitumen.

Humidity: The amount of water vapor in the air.

HVAC: Acronym for Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning.

Hyperion: The trademark name for Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSPE), which is a single-ply roofing material.

I

ICBO: International Conference of Building Officials, responsible for The Uniform Building Code.

Ice Dam: Ice formed at the transition from a warm surface to a cold surface, such as along the overhang of a house. The build-up of ice is the result of ice or snow melting on the roof area over the warmer, living area of a building and then refreezing when it runs down and reaches the overhang.

Ignition Temperature: The minimum temperature at which a material will combust.

Impact Resistance: A roof assembly ability to withstand the impact from falling objects such as hail.

Impregnate: To saturate; in roofing, asphalt impregnated fiber glass roofing felts are fiber glass mats that have been completely permeated with asphalt bitumen.

Infrared Thermograph: The use of an infrared camera to detect moisture in roof insulation.

Inorganic: Involving neither organic life nor the products of organic life; relating to compounds not containing hydrocarbon groups.

Insect Screen: Material used to inhibit an insects ability to enter a building through openings in a roof such as vents.